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How does Rust ensure memory safety without a garbage collector?
Asked on Feb 15, 2026
Answer
Rust ensures memory safety without a garbage collector through its ownership model, which enforces strict rules about how memory is accessed and managed. This model uses concepts like ownership, borrowing, and lifetimes to ensure that memory is properly allocated and deallocated, preventing common issues such as dangling pointers, data races, and memory leaks.
Example Concept: Rust's ownership model is based on three main principles: each value in Rust has a single owner, a value can be borrowed temporarily without transferring ownership, and the Rust compiler checks lifetimes to ensure references are valid. These rules are enforced at compile time, allowing Rust to provide memory safety guarantees without the need for a garbage collector.
Additional Comment:
- Ownership transfers when a variable is assigned to another, and the original cannot be used unless explicitly borrowed.
- Borrowing allows multiple references to a value, but only one mutable reference at a time to prevent data races.
- Lifetimes ensure that references do not outlive the data they point to, preventing use-after-free errors.
- The Rust compiler checks these rules at compile time, eliminating many runtime errors.
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